Yesterday, industry and manufacturing make up 40% of the global economy (World Bank Development Indicators) and account for ~50% of energy use (including their share of electricity). When we add the energy required to move goods between producers and consumers through commercial transportation, these sectors account for ~65% of global energy use today.
Industry
With the rise in living standards, demand for the industrial products that enable modern living has grown enormously in recent decades.
These industrial products provide the materials that are critical to modern economies and quality of life:
• Plastics are used in medical supplies, food storage, vehicles, and many household goods.
• Cement is needed to build roads, dams (hydropower), buildings and more.
• Aluminum is used in power grids, construction and vehicles.
• Steel is used for large-scale construction, shipping containers, trains and ships.
We project industrial demand for energy and feedstocks to grow by approximately 20% through 2050, with all of the growth coming from developing countries.
The industrial sector has unique energy needs. Industrial processes for making steel, cement, glass, and chemical production require high heat and temperatures from ~400 to >1500°C (~750 to 2700°F). Producing that much heat from electricity is challenging or completely unfeasible with most current technologies (US Department of Energy Liftoff Reports, 2023).
For example, electric arc furnaces provide a viable option for recycling steel; however, producing new steel from raw materials continues to rely on blast furnaces. Other sectors such as chemicals and glass do not currently have viable technologies for electrification (US Department of Energy Liftoff Reports, 2023). In these sectors, natural gas will continue to play an essential role in the cost-effective generation of high heat needed to produce a wide range of industrial goods.
Our Outlook projects significant electrification in the industrial sector by 2050 for a wide range of processes. This includes using electricity for processes that rely on low to medium heat (up to ~400°C or ~750°F), and to provide on-site power for manufacturing facilities.
The chemical industry also relies on oil and natural gas as a feedstock due to their unique chemical characteristics. Naphtha (an oil-based product) is projected to remain the dominant feedstock in Asia; the Middle East is expected to rely on natural gas liquids and natural gas.
Commercial transportation
In addition to producing goods, global commerce relies on efficiently moving large quantities of essential supplies and services across and between continents.
Trade and commercial activity require significant, high-density sources of energy to transport goods and people around the world. The Outlook projects energy demand for commercial transportation (including heavy trucks, aviation, marine, and rail) to grow by 40% to 2050, making the commercial sector the primary driver of energy growth in transportation. 90% of this growth is in developing countries, driven by increases in population and economic activity.
Electric vehicles are playing a growing role in intra-city deliveries, where the shorter routes and stop/start driving of these last-mile deliveries are well suited for electrification. However, long-haul trucks need to carry much heavier loads and travel much farther distances. Today, these heavy-duty, long-haul trucks make up ~15% of the commercial road vehicle fleet, but use ~50% of the fleet's fuel usage. EV batteries cannot yet produce a high enough energy density to be a reliable / cost-effective fuel source for long-haul trucking. For example, diesel, which is commonly used for long-haul trucking, has >30x the energy density of today's Li-Ion batteries (see supplemental information for methodology and sources).
Aviation and commercial shipping also require high energy density to move goods and people long distances, favoring liquid fuels. For example, with today's technology, a Boeing 737 flying for 5 hours would require an electric battery weighing more than 200 metric tons, or nearly 3x the plane's maximum takeoff weight (see supplemental information for methodology and sources).
The utility of oil and natural gas in meeting the world's needs for industry and commercial transportation remains unmatched – they are energy dense, portable, available, and affordable. By 2050, the industrial and commercial transportation sectors are projected to make up 75% of global oil demand (vs. 65% today) and 60% of global gas demand (including their share of electricity).
Source: Exxon Mobil Corporation