The complex web of Western sanctions targeting Russia’s oil and gas industry has failed to impede Moscow’s energy flows or its war effort, suggesting that time and overuse are blunting the force of U.S. and European financial weapons, as per Hydrocarbonprocessing.Economic warfare by Western powers has expanded dramatically over the past decade, with the number of international sanctions surging almost 450% since 2017, according to LSEG Risk Intelligence.

This includes both primary sanctions, which bar most activities between the issuing and targeted country, and secondary sanctions, which seek to cut off anyone who deals with sanctioned entities from accessing Western-dominated financial infrastructure.The major sanctions spike occurred after Moscow’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine. European Union sanctions on Russia rose from zero in 2013 to 2,534 in 2025. Washington put 3,135 new entities and individuals on its targeted list last year alone, 70% of them Russian, according to the Center for a New American Security.

Russian oil producers, traders, and buyers – especially those in China and India, who represent 80% of Russia’s crude sales – have sought to bypass Western restrictions by building sophisticated alternative trading and financing networks using hundreds of tankers – which are called “dark fleets.” Iran and Venezuela, long under heavy sanctions, have developed similar systems.Western governments, in turn, have sought to expand sanctions to target new entities, ships, and individuals. And as the scale of sanctions has increased, so too has the cost and complexity of enforcement, especially for multinational firms, which – wary of breaching the ever-growing list of rules – have invested heavily in compliance.Weak price cap.

Another downside of piling on sanctions is that this also raises the risk of negatively affecting the economies of the countries doing the sanctioning.To try to mitigate this, the U.S., Britain, and the EU have sought to structure sanctions so that the Kremlin’s revenues take a hit but Russian oil and gas remain on the market, reducing the risk of price shocks.To reach that end, in 2022, G7 countries introduced a $60 per barrel cap on Russian crude – a level that was recently lowered by the EU and other G7 members, excluding the U.S. Under this scheme, Russian oil continues to flow, but companies are barred from providing tankers using Western insurance and services if the oil is sold above the cap.
Source: Reuters